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If incised wounds are inflicted on body areas with loose skin diabetes mellitus definition pdf discount 500mg glycomet mastercard, as in axilla mmol l diabetes definition purchase glycomet 500mg otc, the wound appears irregular due to puckering of skin occurring at the time of cutting the tissue. Defense Wounds · · · Defense wounds are the injuries inflicted to a person when he tries to defend himself against an attack and are the result of instinctive reactions to assault. The person may ward-off the weapon or trying to catch or grabbing the weapon cuts the palm and ulnar aspect of hand. To protect the exposed surface of body, the upper limbs extensor surface of forearms (ulnar side), the lateral/ posterior aspect of arm and dorsum of hand may receive injuries. Similarly the anterior and posterior aspects of lower limbs and back may be injured when an individual curls into a ball with flexion of spine, knees and hips to protect the anterior part of body. Mechanical Injury Features · · · · · · Chop wounds are produced by relatively heavy sharp cutting weapons such as axe, chopper, sword (Figs 9. The weight of weapon act as crucial force to penetrate the weapon into tissues considerably the wound is comparatively wider and deeper than incised wound If the wound is inflicted obliquely, margin may show beveling Two parts in the chop wounds may be identified. The part of wound nearer to the assailant, known as heel end of the chop, is deeper than distal part from the assailant known as toe end of the chop. Thus identification of toe and heel end of the wound may offer help to know the relative position of the assailant and the victim. Chop wounds are usually homicidal in nature however, accidental injuries may be sustained by a person working in factories etc. From the heel or toe end, the relative position of the assailant and the victim can be known. Lacerated stab wounds these wounds are caused by not so-sharp weapons or relatively blunt penetrating weapons. Such injuries can be caused by metal spike, wooden stake, garden fork, farm fork, screwdrivers, work-tool etc. B: Perforating wound · Joining the entry and exit wound gives direction of infliction of injury. A stab wound by sharp, pointed and cutting edge weapon is a kind of incised wound that is deeper than its width. Type of weapon used and wound caused (shape of wound) the type of weapon usually means the type of blade and it includes whether it is sharp cutting or blunt edge? Such weapon may produce wedge shaped stab wound with one end of the stab appear sharply cut like "V" point and other blunt. The sharp angle represents injury caused by sharp edge of blade and blunt angle by blunt edge of weapon. However, it has to Penetrating Wounds · · these are the stab wounds that terminate in the tissue/ organ/cavity. Perforating Wounds · · these are the stab wounds that are passing the body through-and-through. Entry wound is usually larger than the exit wound because the weapon tapers towards the tip the edges of entry wound are usually inverted while in case of exit wounds, the edges are everted Foreign bodies such as cloth fabric/hairs etc. Moreover, it is not necessary that it almost have such feature as discussed above. If the blunt edge is not obvious, the weapon may cause both angles sharp instead of one blunt and other sharp angle. In some weapons, one edge is sharp throughout and other edge is made sharp at distal part near the tip of blade with residual part of edge remaining blunt. When such weapon is used, the initial part of blade being sharp on both edges pierces the skin and as weapon advances in the body, the skin often splits behind the blunt edge to produce a symmetrical appearance. Presence of such hilt abrasion or contusion indicates that blade of weapon was pushed completely in the body and indicates force used for stabbing (Figs 9. Depth and thrust If, for example knife is used for stabbing and the knife is withdrawn along the same track then it will form a track inside the body and the measurements of wound will indicate the dimensions of weapon. Thus the depth of stab wound is important parameter to assess the length of weapon used. B: Wedge shaped wound or tear drop wound if one edge of blade is sharp and other is blunt. D: Fishtail appearance of wound resulting from weapon with one edge sharp and other edge square-off. E: Rectangular shape or slit like wound that is caused due to rectangular object from depth of the wound.

Dotted lines indicate plane of incision · Exhumation means to dig out corpse from the ground diabetes insipidus hypercalcemia cheap generic glycomet canada. It is a lawful process of retrieval of previously buried body for postmortem examination diabetes type 2 how you get it order 500mg glycomet. Suspected foul play Examination of decomposed Bodies · · · · Autopsy should be done on same line as in other autopsies Record the injuries/ligature marks/fracture carefully Identify artefact produced by decomposition Note presence of any foreign body, mud, sand particles etc. Forensic Medicine authorization for Exhumation the exhumation is carried out only on receipt of written order from the Executive Magistrate or Judicial Magistrate. However, the period of exhumation is restricted in other countries for example it is about 10 years in France and 30 years in Germany. Examination of Mutilated Bodies Mutilation may be done: · By criminals to destroy identity/evidences · By criminals for convenient disposal of dead body · May be due to postmortem artefact. A Section Medicolegal Autopsy 127 · Hairs from head and pubic region should be collected · the body is shifted for postmortem examination. Available viscera should be preserved for chemical analysis along with teeth, nails and bone. The artefacts are physiologically unrelated to the natural state of the body or tissue, or the disease process, to which the body was subjected to before death. Therefore it is important to interpret these artefacts correctly otherwise misinterpretation may lead erroneous diagnosis. A halt in the investigation of criminal investigation or unnecessary spending of time and effort as a result of misleading findings 5. Thefinevesselspassingfromthesubcutaneous layer of the scalp into pericranium are full of blood. When scalp is reflected, these vessels get torn and hemorrhages indistinguishable from antemortem ones may be produced. Air in the right side of heart may be mistaken for air embolism · Bursting of abdomen with protrusion of abdominal con tents due to decomposition may be mistaken for abdomi nal trauma · Regionalorlocalizedflatteningofthecerebralconvolu tions may be a postmortem artefact and commonly found in occipital lobes. This artefact has to be distinguished from generalized flattening of convolutions caused due to cerebral oedema. These bands are pale areas in mucosa caused by postmortem hypostasis being pre vented from settling down due to regional anatomical architecture and curves of esophagus. They produce shallow craters with irregular border nibbling with leave long grooves and lacks vital reaction. These marks are dry, brown with irregular margins and are usually seen in moist areas of body such as groin, scrotum, anus, armpits etc. B) Emergency medical treatment and surgical intervention External cardiac massage may be associated with fracture of the ribs and rarely fracture of sternum. Note the location of injury soft parts lips and nose Section Forensic Medicine A 130 Principles of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology hemorrhages have to be differentiated from antemortem trauma. Artefacts by environment · In burn cases, the subcutaneous fat becomes hard and ruptures. The ruptures may simulate an incised or lacer ated wound · Heat hematomas may simulate extradural hematoma. When body is kept in refrigerator or exposed to cold environment may have pinkish lividity · Postmortem refrigeration of infant solidifies the subcu taneous fat and produces a prominent crease at neck. It may resemble strangulation mark · Rough handling of body by undertaker may cause injury or fracture dislocation of C6C7. Assessment of such broken rigor mortis may provide wrong time since death · Digging tools may cause accidental injuries or fracture to body in exhumation cases. Embalming destroys cyanide, alcohol, opiates, carbon monoxide thus toxicological analysis becomes useless or difficult. The microbiologic evaluation and enu meration of postmortem specimens from human remains. Biochemical changes of the synovial liquid in corpses with regard to the cause of death. Postmortem diagnosis of myocardial disease by enzyme analysis of pericardial fluid. Human chorionic gonadotropin detection by means of enzyme immunoassay: A useful method in forensic preg nancy diagnosis in blood stains. Postmortem diag nosis of meningococcemia by detection of capsular polysac charides.

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Dermal exposure: Burning sensation diabetic jonas order on line glycomet, pain · Chili burns: Person occupationally exposed to chili powder may have pain metabolic disease children purchase glycomet overnight, irritation and erythema · Hunan hand: Contact dermatitis caused due to chili 2. Ingestion: · Burning pain in mouth · Salivation · Vomiting · Abdominal pain · Diarrhoea (burning) Toxic Principle · · · · Calotoxin Calotropin (glycoside) Calactin Uscharin clinical features 1. Ingestion: Causes · Acrid bitter taste · Burning pain in mouth · Vomiting · Diarrhoea · Stomatitis · Tetanic convulsions · Delirium · Circulatory failure/shock Management · · Dermal or ocular exposure: Irrigation with plain water, application of cold water/ice, analgesia for pain Ingestion: Sips of cold water/ice cubes, analgesia Autopsy Findings Toxicology · · Congestion of organs Stomach may contains remnants of seeds/fruit Management · · · · · Gastric lavage Demulcents Supportive measures Diazepam/lorazepam for convulsions Dermal or ocular exposure: Wash the affected area with water B Section Medicolegal Importance 1. Dermal exposure: When applied to skin, it causes irritation, inflammation, vesication formation, pain and itching. Used to fabricate wounds - malingers may apply juice to produce artificial bruise or conjunctivitis 4. Botanical name: Semicarpus anacardium Common name: Marking nut, bhilawa, biba features Marking nuts are generally heart-shaped blackish nuts with rough projection at base. Plumbago zeylanica - called as chitra - bears white flowers Toxic part of plant: Root. Dermal exposure: Application of root to skin causes irritation, inflammation and vesication. Management: symptomatic Fatal dose: 1 to 3 gm Fatal period: 24 hours Autopsy Findings · · Inflammation of gastrointestinal tract Abdominal organs congested colocynth Botanical name: Citrullus colocynthus Common name: Colocynth, Indrayani, Bitter apple Medicolegal Importance 1. Suicide features · · It is a creeping plant with triangular leaves the plant bears globular fruit, 3 to 4 inches in diameter with greenish-yellow appearance and dry spongy pulp. Toxic Part of Plant · Fruit · Root · Leaves Toxic principle: Colocynthin (glycoside) clinical features · · · · Pain in abdomen Vomiting Watery diarrhoea Shock. The fungus at grains germinates into hyphae and these hyphae penetrate deep into the grains and hardened into a purplish structure called sclerotium, which elaborates number of ergot alkaloids. Medicolegal Importance · · Accidental poisoning occurs with consumption of contaminated grains Ergots preparations are used to induce abortion. Snake have venomous bites that inject venom through specialized oral structure called as fangs whereas scorpions, bees and wasps have stings. Tail · There are about 3500 species of snakes known amongst which about 350 species are venomous. In India, about 216 species are found and amongst them, about 52 are poisonous · Differences between poisonous and non-poisonous snakes are mentioned in Table 38. Rat snake (Dhaman) Vine snake Bronze back tree snake Banded kukri Sand boa Non-poisonous snakes, at times, may resemble poisonous snakes and create confusion. The third supra-labial shield touches the eye and nose · A small wedge shaped scale called as cuneate is present between 4th and 5th infra-labials · Pupils are round · Hood is present. Dorsal aspect of hood may have monocellate (monocele) or binocellate (spectacle) mark. Ventral surface of hood have two dark spots · Fangs are short, grooved and situated anteriorly · Tail is cylindrical. Caudal scales (scales on undersurface of tail) are divided and double · Venom - neurotoxic. The bands are more distinct towards the tail · Pupils are round · Large hexagonal scale presents over back · the 4th infra-labial scale is the largest scale of other infra-labial scales · the subcaudal (ventral scales distal to vent) are undivided and entire · Fangs are short, grooved and situated anteriorly · Venom - neurotoxic. Toxicology Organic Irritants: Animal Bites and Stings Banded krait 479 Zoological name: Bungarus fasciatus Common name: Banded krait Features. On cross-section, the bands are triangular in shape · As per habitat, the snake is shy in nature often seen basking near water bodies usually in morning hours · Venom - neurotoxic. Saw Scaled viper Zoological name: Echis carinatus Common name: Carpet viper, phoorsa, afai Features. White "arrow mark" or "spear mark" may present on head · Pupils are vertical · Wavy white line (zig-zag pattern) may present on each flank · Diamond shaped markings over back · Belly scales are broad and cover entire width · the scales of viper are serrated, saw like thus name sawscale viper · Fangs are long, curved, hollow, channelised and hinged. Chemical composition - consists of Zoological name: Vipera russelli · Toxins - low molecular weight polypeptide and proCommon name: Kander, ghonas teins, glycoproteins Features. Types of venom - may be · Large nostrils · Neurotoxic - cobra, krait · Body is stout and fatty with brown or yellowish color.

Which one of the following is correctly matched (1) Chlamydomonas - Conidia (2) Onion - Bulb (3) Yeast - Zoospores (4) Ginger - Sucker Ans: (2) (1) Both occur round the year (2) Both are applicable to only dicot plants (3) Both produces progeny identical to the parent (4) Both bypass the flowering phase Ans: (3) jo [2012] Q1579 metabolic disease screening order glycomet 500 mg visa. Male gametophyte of angiosperms is shed as (1) microspore mother cell (2) four celled pollen grain (3) anther (4) three celled pollen grain Ans: (4) Q1582 metabolic disease zucchini order glycomet online. Formation of gametophyte directly from sporophyte without meiosis is (1) Parthenogenesis (2) Apospory (3) Amphimixis (4) Apogamy Ans: (2) [1988] Q1584. Syngamy can occur outside the body of the organism in (1) Algae (2) Fungi (3) Ferns (4) Mosses Ans: (1) ht tel tp eg s: ra //t m. Meiosis takes place in: (1) Megaspore (2) Conidia (3) Meiocyte (4) Gemmule Ans: (3) [1988] Q1586. Generative cell was destroyed by laser but a normal pollen tube was still formed because (1) laser beam stimulates growth of pollen tube (2) vegetative cell is not damaged (3) the region of emergence of pollen tube is not harmed (4) contents of killed generative cell stimulate pollen growth Ans: (2) ht tel tp eg s: ra //t m. Nucellar embryo is (1) Apomictic haploid (2) Amphimictic haploid (3) Apomictic diploid (4) Amphimictic diploid Ans: (3) [1988, 93] Q1588. Development of an organism from female gamete/egg without involving fertilization is (1) Parthenocarpy (2) Adventitive embryony (3) Parthenogenesis (4) Polyembryony Ans: (3) [1989] Q1589. Double fertilization and triple fusion were discovered by (1) Leeuwenhoek (2) Hofmeister (3) Strasburger (4) Nawaschin and Guignard Ans: (4) [1989] Q1590. Total number of meiotic division required for forming 100 jo in zygotes/100 grains of wheat is (1) 125 (2) 100 (3) 50 (4) 75 Ans: (1) Q1591. Male gametophyte of angiosperms/monocots is (1) Microspore (2) Microsporangium (3) Stamen (4) Nucellus Ans: (1) [1989, 2004] Q1593. The ploidy of endosperm shall be (1) diploid (2) tetraploid (3) pentaploid (4) triploid Ans: (2) jo in [1990] Q1595. Pollination occurs in (1) Angiosperms and gymnosperms (2) Bryophytes and angiosperms (3) Angiosperms and fungi (4) Pteridophytes and angiosperms Ans: (1) [1990] Q1598. Entry of pollen tube through micropyle is (1) Porogamy (2) Chalazogamy (3) Pseudogamy (4) Mesogamy Ans: (1) [1991] Q1600. Double fertilization is fusion of (1) one male gamete with egg and other with synergid (2) two eggs (3) one male gamete with egg and other with secondary nucleus (4) two eggs and polar nuclei with pollen nuclei Ans: (3) [1991] Q1603. Syngamy means (1) fusion of two similar spores (2) fusion of gametes (3) fusion of two dissimilar spores (4) fusion of cytoplasms Ans: (2) jo in [1991] Q1604. Ovule is straight with funiculus, embryo sac, chalaza and micropyle lying on one straight line. It is (1) Campylotropous (2) Orthotropous (3) Amphitropous (4) Anatropous Ans: (2) ht tel tp eg s: ra //t m. Study of formation, growth and development of new individual from an egg is in (4) Xylem vessels Ans: (1) [1993] Q1610. A population of genetically identical individuals, obtained from asexual reproduction is (1) Deme (2) Callus (3) Aggregate (4) Clone Ans: (4) [1993] Q1611. Fertilization involving carrying of male gametes by pollen tube is (1) Chalazogamy (2) Porogamy (3) Syngonogamy (4) Siphonogamy Ans: (4) [1993] Q1612. Transfer of pollen to the stigma of another flower of the same plant is (1) Xenogamy (2) Autogamy (3) Geitonogamy (4) Allogamy Ans: (3) ht tel tp eg s: ra //t m. Chief pollinators of agricultural crops are (1) moths (2) butterflies (3) beetles (4) bees Ans: (4) [1994] Q1614. Haploid plant cultures are got from (1) pollen grain (2) leaves (3) buds (4) root tip Ans: (1) [1994] Q1615. Number of meiotic divisions required to produce 200/400 seeds of Pea would be [1994] Q1616. How many pollen grains will be formed after meiotic division in ten microspore mother cells? Reproducing new plants by cells instead of seeds is known as ht tel tp eg s: ra //t m. In an angiosperm, how many microspore mother cells are required to produce 100 pollen grains (1) 75 (2) 25 (3) 100 36 the polyembryony commonly occurs in (4) 50 Ans: (2) [1995] Q1620.