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This article is relevant for a person who does not know much about the Uyghurs in the Xinjiang region or the history of Islam in China herbals used for pain buy cheapest npxl. Annotation: Riots in the Xinjiang region of China left roughly fifty Turkic-speaking Uyghurs dead herbals 24 order genuine npxl. The author claims that the attacks were instigated by the Uyghurs but believes the response by the Chinese government was not proportional. Turkey must support the Uyghur movement because many Chinese Uyghurs live in Turkey to escape the repression of the Chinese government. Central Asian countries like Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are pressured by China to remain silent about Uyghur unrest, and some Uyghurs have even been sent back to Xinjiang. Anyone who is interested in current Chinese foreign policy will find this article beneficial. Balci claims that, once living in Saudi Arabia, the refugees tend to convert to Saudi religions like wahhabism and salafism. He chronicles the migration of Central Asian and Western Chinese Muslims to Saudi Arabia during the twentieth century. Balci also argues that refugee Muslims who practice religion in Saudi Arabia take a very different form of Islam home to their families in Central Asia and Western China. The reader who is very knowledgeable about Central Asian and Islamic history will find this article interesting. He writes about a Uyghur musician named Askar who sings about his Uyghur heritage and, as a result, strengthens Uyghur culture, especially in Xinjiang. Many believe that fighting for independence is pointless, and perhaps life will be better (and free from persecution) if they integrate into Chinese culture. Annotation: Bhattacharji provides a thorough and extensive background on religion in China. The author details Christianity, Islam through the Uyghurs, Buddhism through Tibetans, and Falun Gong and Falun Dafa. The website has several links to other helpful organizations and documents concerning religious policy in China. Annotation: With the fall of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, the Chinese government recognized the volatility of the region and tried to reign in Uyghur culture in the Xinjiang province to align it more with ethnic Chinese culture and politics. Additionally, China aligned itself by forming an alliance called the "group of five" with other Central Asian states to control the sociopolitical atmosphere in the region. Becquelin writes a very informative historical sketch of Xinjiang during the 1990s, specifically after the fall of the Soviet Union. The article would be very useful for someone who wants to learn how the political, economic, and social aspects of Xinjiang society evolved over the last two decades. Annotation: Buszynski explores the economic, political, and militaristic relationship between Russia and Central Asia. He argues that, post-9/11, the American military presence in the Middle East and Central Asia emasculated Russia and weakened its authority over Central Asia. Though the article does not focus on the Xinjiang province, it provides a thorough background of how the conflict between Uyghurs and the Chinese government could easily expand into neighboring nations. He also questions the current relationship between economic development and ethnic stability in the Xinjiang region. The violence has not been acts of terrorism, contrary to what China and other nations claim. Additionally, the "terrorist" label has done little to increase awareness of their struggles within the international community. If anything, that label has hindered any developments they have achieved during the past two decades. This article makes it clear that Chinese political and economic policies make it very difficult, if not impossible, for Uyghurs to maintain their own culture and identity within China. This article is helpful for someone who is interested specifically in the relationship between Western China and Central Asia. Additionally, this article explains the changing relationship between China and its Muslim population post-9/11. One of his arguments is that, if the minority groups are able to modernize, then they stand a chance at improving their status within China.

Regardless of the legal problem with which a client presents jaikaran herbals order npxl 30 caps free shipping, the attorney must routinely screen all clients for abuse herbs pregnancy cheap 30 caps npxl with amex. Interveners must learn to ask for the assistance of child abuse and domestic violence victim advocates, as the case complexity means that they are often not amenable to simple solutions. Interveners must remember that when a victim recants or seeks to withdraw orders, she is often trying to stay alive. If we become frustrated because the victim wants to dismiss the divorce or protective order, has reunited with the abuser or is not leaving a dangerous relationship, it is helpful to say the following: (1. Especially if child and adult victims will need on-going therapy or will incur other expenses as a direct result of the abuse, it is critical to either ensure restitution and a settlement that includes future expenses, or that the final orders allow for further tort action to cover such expenses. Furthermore, most divorce decrees include language stating specifically that the parties have resolved all matters between them, with some even delineating tort claim prohibitions. If the child or adult victims have been emotionally traumatized, seeking compensatory as well as the punitive damages should be considered. An abused child or adult may be forced to remain with the perpetrator, yet is obviously in great need of assistance in negotiating safety. Interveners must formulate resolutions that prioritize victim safety, while fairly handling divorce, custody, visitation, support and other assorted civil and criminal matters. The Adult and Youth Safety Plan brochures provide action steps to help victims stay alive, but have a more universal application. Courts can help by implementing a policy in which a protection order, family, criminal and juvenile cases will not be dismissed prior to an advocate completing a Safety Plan with the victim and children. Responsible interveners are advising their clients about the safety ramifications of their decisions, be they victim, offender or child. Batterers frequently engage in on-going abuse during and after separation that requires child and adult safety planning over time. Domestic violence is often cited as a key factor for women ending marriages and creates continuing challenges for the battered parent. It turns out that having children with an abuser increases the postseparation danger to abuse victims. Thus, victims may find themselves compelled to have direct contact with their batterers under the guise of child custody and visitation parenting plans. Abuse victims often attempt to negotiate child custody and visitation while being physically, verbally, and psychologically abused by the batterers. Bartlett, Improving the Law Relating to Postdivorce Arrangements for Children, in (R. It is a rebuttable presumption that the appointment of a parent as the sole managing conservator of a child. After an objection is filed, the suit may not be referred to mediation unless, on the request of a party, a hearing is held and the court finds that a preponderance of the evidence does not support the objection. Henderson, Abused Women and Child Custody: the Ongoing Exposure to Abusive Ex-Partners, 29 J. Empirical research documents that such fears are justified as there is a clear correlation between the severity of abuse in the course of the marriage and that which continues during and after divorce. Given that many who batter adult partners also harm children in the home and the concomitant system inaction, the overlap warrants legislative action in the form of enhanced penalties to signal its importance. From jail, the defendant called her to say he would not disseminate pictures of her using drugs if she would "not get him in trouble. After this incident but before the trial, the victim and defendant married, and she disavowed the previous sworn statement at trial. All interveners must ensure that their staffs reflect the diversity of the communities they serve. Victims, offenders and their children report increased confidence in providers who look like them and share their backgrounds. It is also important that staff and clients have access to publications coming out of communities of color to provide a more balanced view. In addition to the usual Newsweek or Better Homes and Gardens magazines, offices should add those periodicals focusing on people of color, such as Essence, Jet, Latina, Hispanic, Asian American, Ebony, Emerge, etc. The presence of magazines from communities of color can help send the message that your office embraces diversity and is committed to being educated about how to improve its practices. Without additional training, many interveners (especially whites) base their opinions on stereotypes and misinformation prevalent in our culture. The William Monroe Trotter Institute has documented that eighty-five percent of the information about people of color, disseminated by major media outlets, is negative.

What we learn from experiments like this is that we move advantageously before we are aware of our strategy for motor choice herbals solutions order npxl line, before we are aware of the relevant sensory patterns herbals shops purchase npxl 30caps with amex. If we respond unconsciously to the rules of the game, then our unconscious must be processing possibilities for intelligent behavior on the basis of semantically interpreted visual information. From this quick example, we can see that while visual processing might consist of mastering relevant sensorimotor contingencies, such mastery can occur both inside and outside of awareness. Hence, consciousness must be something over and above visual processing simpliciter. Let us suppose that O&N are correct and that visual processing turns on appreciating how we can move through space. It is in this sense, perhaps, that O&N mean that conscious experience consists in the doing itself. If we are materialists (which I am assuming here), then conscious experience has to be identical to some material event in the world. These are all obvious points, but they require that, insofar as we believe that the brain processes sensory information (regardless of whether such information is intimately tied to our motor system), then our visual processing, and hence our visual awareness, have to derive from brain activity. It might not be the activity that we normally assume, nor might it be located where we think it is, nor might it be theoretically fruitful to consider such activity apart from the rest of our body. But on pain of dualism, the experience has to derive from what the brain is doing, albeit an active brain embedded in a challenging environment. I outline some reasons why this is a mistake, taking my data and arguments mainly from the literature on subliminal processing. But in this commentary I wish to focus on their attempt to connect their views of visual perception with conscious experience. It must be an easy and comfortable intellectual slide, since so many intelligent people make it. Knowing more about how our visual system operates can, of course, tell us important things about how consciousness must operate as well, but it is a real stretch to claim that the two processes are identical. O&N claim that in achieving visual awareness, we use our mastery of the relevant sensorimotor contingencies for the purposes of thought and planning. As a result, experience does not derive from brain activity per se, but it consists in the "doing" itself. There is a huge and often contradictory literature out there regarding unconscious visual perception. Although the approach has close predecessors, this is the most economical yet comprehensive and far-reaching version I know. O&N now offer a more systematic and unencumbered framework than we have previously had. Indeed, if we fill in a few points not addressed in the paper, the position becomes even more impressive and enormously promising, although the notion of sensorimotor contingencies becomes somewhat more abstract than it first sounds. Knowledge of such limitations will help us to dissect what naively seems a seamless perceptual experience. That apparent seamlessness is probably due, among other things, to the normal prevalence of intraobject consistency (what you learn from one part of an object will usually serve for the whole); and a reluctance to do unnecessary checking. The variations on the modified Penrose figures in Figure 1C, D, when they are thought about (Hochberg 1968), make all of these points; the argument that they are uninformative because ecologically improbable, is hard to apply in a world in which at least so much of our time must be spent with computer-generated displays. Such figures, and the study of how successive views are stored and grasped in motion pictures, led me to argue that (as O&N note) our perceptions are "the program of possible samplings of an extended scene, and of contingent expectancies of what will be seen as a result of those samplings" (Hochberg 1968, p. Such attention is neither a glue, a spotlight, nor a filter: It does not require a filter to obscure the unattended channel in a shadowing experiment. Liberman (1957) had argued that listening requires analysis-by-synthesis: the testing of attended speech against internally intended speech, so listening to speech also meets the sensorimotor-expectancy description. From this standpoint, skilled reading also calls on the production of constrained expectancies, which makes proof-reading very difficult, and makes inattention to omissions and errors so common.

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Prolonged underwater noise can also reduce the sensitivity of fish to underwater noise stimuli herbs nyc discount npxl 30 caps amex, with potentially important effects on survival herbals order npxl line, growth, and fitness. The fish auditory system is likely one of the most important mechanisms fish use to detect and respond to prey, predators, and social interaction (Amoser and Ladich 2005; Fay 1988; Hawkins 1986; Kalmijn 1988; Myrberg 1972; Myrberg and Riggio 1985; Nelson 1965; Nelson et al. Scholik and Yan (2001) studied the auditory responses of the cyprinid fathead minnow to underwater noise levels typical lt /07-03621-000 channel modifications white paper. They found that prolonged exposure decreased noise sensitivity, increasing the threshold level required to elicit a disturbance response for as long as 14 days after the exposure. Amoser and Ladich (2005) reported similar findings in common carp in the Danube River, noting that auditory ability in this hearing specialist species was measurably masked in environments with higher background noise. They reported similar but far less pronounced responses in hearing generalist species such as perch. These data suggest that elevated ambient noise levels have the potential to impair hearing ability in a variety of fish species, which may in turn adversely affect the ability to detect prey and avoid predators, but that this effect is variable depending on the specific sensitivity of the species in question. In general, information on the effects of underwater noise on invertebrates is limited, indicating that additional research on the subject is needed. What little data are available suggest some sensitivity to intense percussive underwater noise. One scallop suffered a split shell following exposure to 217 dB, suggesting the potential for serious injury when percussive underwater noise exceeds these levels. No research has been identified regarding the effects of lower intensity continuous underwater noise on invertebrates. Some potential may exist for disturbance induced interruption of feeding behavior, but more research on this subject is necessary to determine this definitively and this subject is considered a data gap. The direct and indirect effects associated with dredging entrainment include injury or mortality of fish and invertebrate species. Indirect effects include alteration of food web configuration or dynamics that could affect overall species survival or fitness. It is extremely unlikely that operations would be conducted from on-land and would require the removal of riparian vegetation. Therefore, provided that disposal of dredged material does not harm riparian vegetation. Modifications to riparian vegetation and associated impacts on fish and invertebrates could occur as a result of sloughing caused by nearshore dredging that destabilizes vegetated banks. In contrast, small-scale navigational dredging and maintenance dredging are typically conducted from land and thus have the potential to modify riparian vegetation. Therefore, this section addresses impacts from dredging in freshwater environments. The dominant mechanism is the effect of reduced shading on solar radiation exposure. The influence of shade on water temperature generally diminishes as the size of the stream increases, because of the proportionally reduced area in which riparian vegetation can insulate against solar radiation and trap air next to the water surface (Knutson and Naef 1997; Murphy and Meehan 1991; Poole and Berman 2001a; Quinn 2005). Alternatively, riparian vegetation removal and alteration can also cause surface waters to gain or lose heat more rapidly because the ability to regulate ambient temperatures is reduced (Bolton and Shellberg 2001; Knutson and Naef 1997; Murphy and Meehan 1991; Poole and Berman 2001a; Quinn 2005). In addition to the effects of shading, a broad array of research has shown that alterations of riparian vegetation can strongly affect temperatures even when adequate stream shading is still provided. Riparian vegetation restricts air movement, providing an insulating effect that regulates ambient air temperatures. Riparian buffer widths of 100 to 300 lt /07-03621-000 channel modifications white paper. Riparian vegetation is an important component of the aquatic ecosystem that serves a variety of important functions for habitat structure, water quality, and biological productivity. The specific nature of these functions varies depending on the type of environment, but increasing bank cohesion plays an important role in regulating channel width and substrate. The root structure supporting riparian vegetation naturally resists the shear stresses created by flowing water and thus retards bank erosion by stabilizing stream banks and shorelines and by maintaining cover habitat along stream margins. By dissipating the erosive energy of flood waters, wind and rain, and by filtering sheet flows, riparian vegetation limits the amount of fine sediment entering river and stream systems (Brennan and Culverwell 2004; Knutson and Naef 1997; Levings and Jamieson 2001). This material includes terrestrial macroinvertebrates along with leaves, branches, and other vegetative materials, the latter providing food sources for benthic macroinvertebrates (Bilby and Bisson 1998; Knutson and Naef 1997; Murphy and Meehan 1991).