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However gastritis diet �� ranitidine 300 mg overnight delivery, in grid security emergencies gastritis eating out cheap ranitidine 150mg without prescription, risks of all three types of failures might emerge in rapid succession and would be inextricably linked. But more severe events have caused instabilities that led to cascading in the past and may do so again-especially if adversaries design coordinated cyber and physical attacks to spread blackouts across multiple utilities. That blackout, which affected approximately fifty million people across the United States and Canada, started with a relatively minor incident. On a hot day in August, multiple 345-kilovolt transmission lines tripped after sagging into overgrown trees. But cyber and physical attacks could also be tailored to spark and rapidly spread cascading blackouts by destroying critical generation and transmission nodes; alter protective relay settings so that grid components trip offline (or fail to do so) in ways that intensify the outages; deny grid operators the data and situational awareness needed to operate their own systems and cope with contingencies in surrounding systems; and take other measures designed to produce cascading failures. The imminent danger or occurrence of adversaryinduced cascading outages could be a criterion for declaring a grid security emergency. Those disruptive effects will be still greater if attackers destroy transformers and other grid infrastructure to extend the duration of the blackout. In the 2003 blackout, uncontrolled separation led to the creation of large electrical islands that "quickly became unstable after the massive transient swings and system separation" because there was insufficient generation within the islands to meet electricity demand. In the July 1977 New York City blackout, for example, a string of trips and failures caused the Consolidated Edison system to separate from surrounding systems and collapse. Grid protection systems and operational protocols typically mitigate their disruptive effects. However, more severe instabilities can result in cascading failures and uncontrolled separation. Adversaries could design attacks to exacerbate grid instabilities and disrupt synchronization as part of a broader strategy to create widespread cascading failures. For example, adversaries may seek to compromise the protection systems necessary to automatically correct instabilities when they occur. Corrupting or disabling protection systems could also make critical grid components vulnerable to physical damage from enemy-induced power surges. However, it may be difficult to predict whether an impending attack will create such failures. The first requirement to do so will be to determine the extent to which adversaries have embedded advanced persistent threats or established other means of attack across the grid-a task that adversaries will complicate by attempting to hide their malware from detection. The next step will be to rapidly characterize these threats, assess the vulnerability of utility systems to them, and predict the consequences for grid reliability if the enemy strikes. Such assessments will also need to account for system-wide effects involving the interaction of multiple adversary-induced disruptions, which may compound and reinforce instabilities in ways that are difficult to predict. But it could also be risky to wait until attacks are occurring to declare a grid security emergency. In the 2003 Northeast event, for example, cascading blackouts spread across vast areas in seconds. If the president delays declaring a grid security emergency until cascades are under way, emergency orders designed to help prevent their spread may come too late. Figure 4 illustrates one option for developing a decision support framework that accounts for the likelihood and potential consequences of an attack. The horizontal axis represents the risk that if an attack occurs, the grid will experience cascading failures and other widespread instabilities that would inflict demonstrable harm to national security, the economy, or public health and safety. Attacks that pose little or no risk of cascading blackouts might not warrant the declaration of a grid security emergency. However, systemic threats to grid reliability are far from the only consequence-based criteria that the president might want to consider. More narrowly targeted attacks to disrupt the flow of power to an area vital to the economy or to national security, such as the National Capital Region, might be sufficient to declare a grid security emergency. Policy makers could develop more refined decision frameworks to account for a broad array of consequence thresholds, as well as further criteria for assessing attack imminence. Data Sharing and Consultations with Industry the electric industry can provide data and analytic support to help the president and other officials decide whether to declare a grid security emergency. Notional Decision Framework for Declaring Grid Security Emergencies impact of various attack vectors on their systems and on the grid as a whole. Government agencies and cyber contractors can help utilities target searches for this malware and provide additional value for the declaration process. Industry and government should also explore how ongoing threat detection and analysis initiatives could directly help assess the imminence and potential consequences of attacks. The department is developing capabilities to monitor traffic on operational technology networks via the Cybersecurity for the Operational Technology Environment project.

An exception is made in the Budget and Economic Outlook and similar "reference documents gastritis cure home remedies buy ranitidine without prescription," where P gastritis healing diet discount ranitidine amex. For example, instead of saying "We have made enormous progress in eradicating tuberculosis," say Medical science has made enormous progress in eradicating tuberculosis. The English language, abundantly rich in many respects, lacks a third-person singular pronoun that does not indicate gender. Some writers try to work around that problem by alternating the use of he and she in general statements, but such an approach can seem artificial or cause confusion. One rule is clear, however: When a single person is referred to-say, a legislator, a taxpayer, or a program beneficiary-a singular pronoun is required. The plural they (as in "ask the next customer if they want coffee") is ungrammatical. When referring to an unidentified person, use he or she and his or her: When can a recipient collect his or her benefit payment? If a taxpayer earns less than a certain amount, he or she may participate in the program. One simple way is to make the unidentified parties consistently plural: When can recipients collect their benefits? The he or she construction should be used when referring to a general category of people who might be of either sex. Thus, when discussing an officeholder, but not a specific person, proper reference should take this form: the Secretary of Transportation, under authority granted to him or her by statute, may determine compliance with the rule. That construction could, however, be circumvented this way: By statute, the Secretary of Transportation has authority to determine compliance with the rule. When the reference is to a specific officeholder, the problem disappears: Justice Kagan made the point in her dissenting opinion. When discussing a law in depth or highlighting a specific provision, use a more complete legal citation in a footnote, following the guidelines in the Footnotes and References section that begin on page 90. See colon, comma, dashes, ellipsis, hyphenation and compound words, quotation marks, and semicolon. Exclamation points and question marks go inside quotation marks only if they are part of the quoted material: Thompson yelled, "Stop that immediately! With anything other than a direct quotation, use quotation marks sparingly for emphasis or to highlight slang or jargon, but only on first reference. Periods and commas always go inside quotation marks, whether the marks surround an entire sentence or just a word: Then he said, "I think the sky is falling. Capitalization in racial, ethnic, and cultural designations follows the rules applying to the proper and common nouns from which those designations derive. Here is a list of correct forms: African American, Asian American, black, Caucasian, Hispanic, Hispanic American, Indian (in the context of federal programs; otherwise, Native American), Latina, Latino, nonwhite (to be defined whenever used), Pacific Islander, white. A think tank headquartered in Santa Monica, California, with offices in Arlington, Virginia, and elsewhere. Express numerical ranges according to the following examples: the 19841989 period (with an en dash); the period from 1965 to 1975 (without an en dash); beneficiaries in the $1,000$1,250 annual income bracket; retirees in the age range between 61 and 66 years; a revenue loss in the $3. An account established within federal funds and trust funds to record offsetting receipts or revenues credited to that fund. The receipt account typically finances the obligations and outlays from an associated expenditure account. A significant decline in economic activity that is spread across the economy; lasts more than a few months; and normally is visible in production, employment, real income, and other indicators. A recession begins just after the economy reaches a peak of activity and ends when the economy reaches its trough. A special Congressional procedure used to implement the revenue and spending targets established in a budget resolution. Reconciliation affects revenues, mandatory spending, and offsetting receipts but usually not discretionary spending. Use numerals to express ratios: the unemployment rate among young black men compared with the rate among young white men is almost 2 to 1. A significant, broad-based increase in economic activity that begins just after the economy reaches a trough of activity and ends when the economy reaches the level of its previous peak. Lowercase when referring collectively to the non-active-duty part of the military (the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps Reserves; the Army and Air National Guards; and others): the reserve component or the reserves numbered fewer than 1 million members by 1996.

For example granulomatous gastritis symptoms order 300mg ranitidine free shipping, if the secretary issues orders for maximum generation either before or during an attack gastritis diet �� discount ranitidine 150mg on-line, companies that operate coal generators on a sustained basis could violate air quality regulations. Their discussions could also help address more far-reaching regulatory issues that grid security emergencies may pose. It is currently unclear if or how the commission would enforce a violation of its regulations by a nuclear generation entity complying with an emergency order. The worst time to adjudicate such a dispute, however, would be in the midst of a grid security emergency. Such waivers of enforcement apply unless a complying entity acts in a "grossly negligent manner. That provision shields complying entities from "any requirement, civil or criminal liability, or a citizen suit under such environmental law or regulation. Preplanning will also be vital for emergency orders that support power restoration by facilitating the replacement of damaged or destroyed transformers. The higher-voltage classes of large power transformers, including 765-kilovolt transformers, are as big as a house and can be moved-slowly and very carefully- only by specialized heavy-haul trucks, railcars, and barges. The challenge for such preplanning: the secretary of energy lacks the statutory authority to waive key transportation regulations. For example, to facilitate the movement of large power transformers, gubernatorial disaster declarations could help waive statelevel regulations. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials and National Emergency Management Association are exploring the use of these and other waiver authorities. Building on these efforts, and on initiatives led by the Transformer Transportation Working Group,231 the electricity subsector and its partners should establish systematic, nationwide plans to facilitate the movement of transformers and other critical equipment in grid security emergencies. Prioritized load shedding for extended periods will create "winners and losers" in the allocation of power and could put lives at risk. In severe grid security emergencies, sustaining the flow of power to regional hospitals and other section 9+ assets may leave shortfalls in electric service at dialysis centers, small urgent-care centers, and facilities for special-needs citizens. Cutting off power to lower-priority industrial or commercial customers could also expose utilities to lawsuits aimed at recovering lost business revenue or requiring other forms of economic compensation. Cost Recovery for Emergency Operations and Support for Investments in Grid Infrastructure Complying with emergency orders may force utilities to incur costs beyond their normal operating expenses. The act takes a different approach regarding costs incurred in protecting the reliability of defense critical electric infrastructure. As with the creation of emergency orders themselves, establishing guidelines and processes to cover the costs of complying with orders will be more difficult once attacks are under way. Many promising emergency orders, including those for conservative operations, can help protect or restore grid reliability without requiring new spending on transmission lines or other assets. It will be near useless to order transmission operators to protect or rapidly restore service to vital but remote military bases served by a single transmission line if adversaries destroy the single line on which they depend. To be even remotely viable as an emergency order design option, most preplanned power islands will also require at least some infrastructure construction. Ideally, these preplanned islands will use existing generation, transmission, and distribution assets within their service footprints to separate from the grid and still be able to provide reliable electric service to the section 9+ assets insider their borders. But many areas that might be designed to function as islands in a grid security emergency will lack adequate infrastructure to do so. Preplanned power islands will not only lose those reliability benefits, but they will also have to make do with infrastructure that utilities built and aligned to be supporting components of the interconnected grid-not self-sustaining islands that would be stood up in grid security emergencies. Further studies will need to examine the potential investment requirements that such islands could entail, along with the myriad other challenges that their design and operation would pose. But the larger point remains: to be effectively implemented, many emergency orders could require spending on new transmission lines and other grid infrastructure. As noted above, local distribution systems will play vital roles in implementing emergency orders. Public utility commissions have primary regulatory authority over such distribution systems and are typically responsible for determining whether proposed infrastructure investments are prudent and eligible for cost recovery. They could also make important contributions to reviewing proposed implementation plans for emergency orders that would be executed within their respective states, particularly when local distribution systems would be necessary to implement the orders. Conclusions and Recommendations for Broader Progress Taken together, the options for industrygovernment collaboration examined in this report constitute a massive undertaking for which Congress appropriated zero funding to utilities. Developing a sequenced, prioritized strategy to explore these options will help make doing so a more manageable task.

Extensive classroom visits show that much of the instruction in mathematics classrooms is designed to teach students how to follow procedures gastritis diet �� purchase generic ranitidine on line. In too many classrooms gastritis thin stool buy cheapest ranitidine, teachers simply skip the reading problems in their texts, some of which are actually rather decent problems. Students need to take courses in other areas to see mathematics used, and when they do it is noticeable in their test scores. Thus the first priority: to support mathematics teachers in assigning real-world problems that will help students understand mathematical concepts and engage in mathematical reasoning. Such support is crucial politically as well as pedagogically, because if we do not see the expected improvement in achievement as students are required to take more mathematics courses, mathematics teachers will come under increasing criticism. We need a major initiative to help mathematics teachers teach in ways that engage students in using mathematics to do real things in various contexts. Thinking about the work that needs to be done in the early grades, in high school, and then in college made it clear that a coordinated effort is needed. Students at every level, and their teachers, need to recognize that quantitative literacy is important and that it is valued. Because it is what I know best, I think most about the tasks facing high school teachers. College admissions processes that place the greatest value on the highest-level mathematics course. College placement tests and procedures that value very traditional mathematics hurt students who have been taught a mathematics curriculum that has a strong emphasis on quantitative literacy, and therefore discourage teachers from moving toward a quantitative literacy focus in their teaching. Therefore, students prepared in a standardsbased mathematics program may be hurt in the transition to college courses. Yet too many high school students study science or technical courses devoid of mathematics. Only about one-third are in classes in which they frequently have to use mathematics to complete authentic tasks. In too many cases, only the best students do mathematics while the rest simply do what they are told. Science, vocational, and technical arts teachers need special help devising learning experiences with a mathematical base, using instructional strategies through which they hold all students accountable for doing quantitative analysis, and developing assessments to determine whether students are able to apply essential mathematical concepts to typical problems they will encounter in diverse careers. Physical education, social studies, and art teachers also can use quantitative literacy to enhance student learning in those disciplines. Third, if we want to change how mathematics is taught, we must change the nature of the questions that are asked on various examinations. In too many instances, mathematics examinations encourage teachers to teach the wrong way. They encourage teachers to cover the material, teach students the procedures, and hope that students will remember them long enough to pass the examination. Fourth, changes need to be made in mathematics texts to include more real-world problems that can be used to teach quantitative literacy. Moreover, textbook publishers should provide more coordination between mathematics and science textbooks to align mathematics concepts and the quantitative literacy potential of science. In visiting hundreds of schools and high school classrooms over the past 15 years, it has been my observation that more than any other teachers in high school, mathematics teachers depend on textbooks. Finally, one of the points made by many Forum participants was that if quantitative literacy is not viewed as something for all students, it will lead to further tracking in mathematics, which these participants saw as undesirable. This is certainly a valid point, but I fear that by stressing this distinction the quantitative literacy movement runs the risk of being interpreted as saying that what we are now doing is not working. The mathematics curriculum projects at the elementary, middle, and high school levels supported by the National Science Foundation infuse quantitative literacy into the K12 mathematics curriculum. Changes at the college level are taking place under banners such as "calculus reform," "alternatives to college algebra," or, in many mathematics departments, "quantitative literacy. In short, leadership for quantitative literacy needs to come from mathematical sciences departments (mathematics and statistics) at both the school and college levels and mathematicians must take the lead if wide-scale change is to occur. Support from outside the mathematics community would be very useful; however, if quantitative literacy is viewed as not a central part of mathematics, it will be much more difficult to direct the energy and resources of mathematicians and mathematical sciences departments toward this important effort. We need assistance and encouragement in urging disciplines outside mathematics to work together with us in promoting quantitative literacy. Perhaps most critically, we need support to include quantitative literacy on high-stakes tests, particularly on the mathematics portions of the tests many states are requiring for high school graduation and the new grade-level tests now being mandated at the national level.

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