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Attempts are already under way to increase milk production in cows by transgenic method symptoms after hysterectomy discount lamictal uk. The transgenic approach has been used to correct genetically determined hypogonadism in mice symptoms 9 days past iui buy online lamictal. Production of biopharmaceuticals, described under the heading application of cloning of animals, is another example of transgenesis. Tumor cell targeted immunotherapy can use fusion proteins associated with monoclonal antibodies. Amplifying the gene in several segments that overlap each other by 300-500 bp increases the sensitivity of protein truncation test. Bioinformatics embraces Computational Biology, Mathematical Biology, Pharmacogenomics, Proteomics, Genomics, Biophysics, Medical Informatics and Cheminformatics. Applications of Bioinformatics A lot of bioinformatics work is concerned with the technology of databases. Databases of existing sequencing data can be used to identify homologues of new molecules that have been amplified and sequenced in the lab. The property of sharing a common ancestor, homology, can be a very powerful indicator in bioinformatics. Bioinformatics can be used to obtain sequences of genes or proteins of interest, either from material obtained, labelled, prepared by individual researchers/groups or from repositories of sequences from previously investigated material. They can be compared for their homologous nature with sequences already existing in the database. If a homologue (a related molecule) exists, then a newly discovered protein may be modeled, that is, the three dimensional structure of the gene product can be predicted without doing laboratory experiments. There are tools which allow making predictions of the secondary structure of proteins arising from a given amino acid sequence. Bioinformatics embraces Computational Biology, Mathematical Biology, Pharmacogenomics, Proteomics, Genomics, Comparative Genomics, Biophysics, Medical Informatics and Chem-informatics. Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is an exciting new science which deals with miniaturization of devices and processes at the nanometer (10-9 m) scale. Nanotechnology is the science for understanding and control of matter at dimensions between 1 and 100 nanometers. Nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at nano scale, applicable to both engineering and medicine. Unusual physical, chemical, and biological properties can emerge in materials at the nanoscale. Richard Feynmann (1918-1988) is considered to be the father of modern nanotechnology. Then the contents of each tube are simultaneously examined on polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The radiation from 32P labelled primer will be available in all pieces and will be seen as dark bands in the X-ray plate. Bioinformatics In a broad perspective, bioinformatics describes any use of computers to handle biological information. Bioinformatics may be regarded as a synonym for "computational molecular biology". It is the use of computers to characterize the molecular components of living things. It can be applied to store, retrieve, analyze or predict the composition or the structure of biomolecules. Many tools of nanotechnology are derived from biotechnology and have wider applications in medicine. When nanotechnology is used for biotechnological advances it is known as nanobiotechnology. Biodegradable nanomaterials, nanocosmetics, fabrics etc are also using nanotechnology principles. In nature, the hanging of geckos (small lizards) from the rooftop and the folding of the flowers of touch-me-not plant are said to be based on nanobiology. Because of this special adaptation of Geckos can adhere to most surfaces without the use of liquids or surface tension.
Prevention of atherosclerosis Cardiovascular Diseases and Hyperlipidemias Clinical Significance of Cholesterol Students should be familiar with cholesterol and lipoproteins described in detail in Chapter 12 medications zanaflex 200 mg lamictal free shipping. The level of cholesterol in blood is related to the development of atherosclerosis medicine 3604 pill purchase lamictal 50mg overnight delivery. Abnormality of cholesterol metabolism may lead to cardiovascular accidents and heart attacks. Coronary artery obstruction and myocardial infarction are the number one killers in the world. Summary of lipoprotein metabolism estimated that by the year 2020, it will account for 33% of all deaths. Aorta, coronary arteries and cerebral vessels are predominantly affected by the atherosclerotic process. Diabetes mellitus: Acetyl CoA pool is increased and more molecules are channelled to cholesterol. Nephrotic syndrome: Albumin is lost through urine, globulins (including lipoproteins) are increased as a compensatory mechanism. The blood flow through the narrow lumen is more turbulent and there is tendency for clot formation. Thrombosis in coronary artery leads to ischemia of cardiac tissue supplied, due to hindrance to oxygen supply. Along with this ischemia (decreased blood supply), instead of the normal aerobic conditions, anaerobic glycolysis takes. Later, the macrophages become overloaded with cholesterol, and these are then called foam cells. But when lipid is accumulates, the lesion progresses unchecked and the arterial changes become irreversible. Left, cut section of normal artery; middle, early plaque formation; right, advanced plaque formation. Thrombosis in the artery leads to infarction of the area supplied by the artery 294 Textbook of Biochemistry; Section C: Clinical and Applied Biochemistry Box 25. Suspected cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease 2. Oxidative modifications of sterols and fatty acids are involved in signaling pathways. These groups of molecules are known to regulate the activity of a special group of ligandactivated transcription factors, known as nuclear receptors. These nuclear hormone receptors control the expression of their target genes upon ligand binding. The role of the receptors and natural or synthetic activators have been studied extensively in the initiation, development and progression of atherosclerosis. Both the receptors themselves and their activators have been shown to exert anti-atherogenic effects. Lp(a) level Abnormal levels of serum cholesterol are seen in certain conditions; these are listed in Box 25. The values are different in the presence of other risk factors like obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, etc. In laboratories, lipid profile is assessed by estimating the following fractions in plasma: 1. Reduction of cholesterol may not only decrease the lipid content of the plaque, but can also reduce the accumulation of monocytes and macrophages. If other risk factors are present, cholesterol level should be kept preferably below 180 mg/dl. Values around 220 mg/dl will have moderate risk and values above 240 mg/dl will need active treatment. Females have a lower level of cholesterol which affords protection against atherosclerosis. Plasma cholesterol levels would tend to slowly rise after the 4th decade of life in men and postmenopausal women. Risk from smoking is dose-dependant; depends on the age at which the person started smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked per day. In the absence of insulin, hormone sensitive lipase is activated, more free fatty acids are formed, which are catabolised to produce acetyl CoA.
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