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An investigation of the effects of sponsorship identity on responses to an anti-drinking and driving message menstruation vs estrous discount generic raloxifene canada. The effects of advertiser reputation and extremity of advertising claim on advertising effectiveness menstrual depression syndrome discount 60mg raloxifene free shipping. Corporate public issue advertising: An analysis of the attitudes of chief executives. A comparative analysis of the use of corporate advertising in the United States and Japan. Failed promises of the cigarette industry and its effect on consumer misperceptions about the health risks of smoking. Youth tobacco prevention mass media campaigns: Past, present, and future directions. Industrysponsored anti-smoking ads and adolescent reactance: Test of a boomerang effect. Effect of televised, tobacco company-funded smoking prevention advertising on youth smoking-related beliefs, intentions, and behavior. An inoculation theory explanation for the effects of corporate issue/advocacy advertising campaigns. Enriching the inoculation construct: the role of critical components in the process of resistance. Persistence of inoculation in conferring resistance to smoking initiation among adolescents: the second year. Mistrusting companies, mistrusting the tobacco industry: clarifying the context of tobacco prevention efforts that focus on the tobacco industry. Philip Morris image campaign is part of long term solution, no quick fixes, outperform. This chapter examines the evidence base for how these marketing efforts affect initial uptake and continued use of tobacco by adolescents and by the general population. Data from a multitude of studies using a range of methodologies were examined along with tobacco industry source documents in assessing the role of marketing in tobacco use. Cross-sectional econometric studies also show a correlation between tobacco advertising and increased cigarette consumption. As a whole, the evidence base indicates a causal relationship between tobacco advertising and increased levels of tobacco initiation and continued consumption. I n f l u e n c e o f To b a c c o M a r k e t i n g o n S m o k i n g B e h a v i o r Introduction Although the tobacco industry has asserted that its marketing efforts are not aimed at creating new demand but rather at increasing brand market share, internal industry documents contribute to the evidence refuting this claim. The ability of tobacco marketing to create new demand by encouraging smoking initiation among youth and adults is a critically important aspect of the role of the media in tobacco use. Researchers have studied whether the level of tobacco advertising is related to aggregate cigarette demand: When exposed to high levels of tobacco industry marketing, do more people start using tobacco, do smokers smoke more, and are they less likely to quit Alternatively, would the absence of cigarette advertising have the opposite effect This chapter reviews evidence of the influence of cigarette marketing on adolescent smoking initiation-many start to smoke before the legal age for purchasing cigarettes1-and on cigarette consumption in the general population. Other chapters in this monograph review advertising theory (chapter 2), types and extent of tobacco advertising and promotions (chapter 4), themes and targets of tobacco advertising (chapter 5), and media influences in preventing and controlling tobacco use (chapter 12). For a discussion of the effects on adolescent behavior of the depiction of smoking in movies, see chapter 10. Below is a brief overview of the topics covered in the main sections of this chapter. The first includes literature describing adolescent psychological needs and how tobacco marketing suggests that smoking can help satisfy these needs. Subsections under the main heading of adolescent needs show 212 that adolescents have such needs, cigarette marketing communicates to them that smoking will help fulfill these needs, and that adolescents who smoke or who do not rule out smoking in the future are more likely to believe that smoking can fulfill these needs. Of course, marketing for many other products also aims to convince adolescents that product use can help satisfy these needs.

Advertisements illustrating the serious health effects of smoking had higher memorability than those encouraging calls to a quitline women's health nurse practitioner salary by state purchase raloxifene paypal. Study design Main outcomes Studies Examining the Relative Performance of Different Advertising Messages (continued) Study Advertisement comparisons Biener et al women's health clinic redwood city order generic raloxifene from india. Advertisements also varied in level of emotional arousal and whether the tone was negative (sad or frightening), positive (funny and entertaining), or neutral. Youth were more likely to recall and perceive as effective advertisements featuring messages about serious health consequences that had been independently rated as high in negative emotion, compared with advertisements featuring messages about normative behavior or advertisements relying on humor. Advertisements focusing on young victims suffering from serious smoking-related disease elicited disgust, enhanced anti-industry motivation, and reduced intentions to smoke, but counterindustry and tobacco company youth smoking prevention advertisements did not. At baseline, personality traits were measured, and after exposure, students were asked about smoking intentions, feelings and beliefs, and advertisement appraisal. O v e r v i e w o f M e d i a I n t e r v e n t i o n s i n To b a c c o C o n t r o l Pechmann and Reibling 2006106 8 types of advertisements including serious health effects of smoking (disease and suffering, dying parent, secondhand smoke); tobacco industry manipulation (activism and marketing tactics); and social themes (acceptance, cosmetic) Monograph 19. The Role of the Media as a theme were rated high in terms of "stop and think" value only by groups in California, where this approach was a familiar one. Respondents in the other states often misunderstood the anti-industry message that the advertisements attempted to communicate. Finally, advertisements with a theme emphasizing that teenagers need to make a choice about whether or not to smoke had the lowest ratings. This may be because these advertisements fail to change broader population-wide social norms relating to tobacco use. Both smoking and nonsmoking youth indicated that ads about real life experiences were more thought provoking and more likely to change their smoking intentions. Terry-McElrath and colleagues99 asked 268 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade susceptible nonsmokers or experimental smokers (those who have experimented with smoking cigarettes) in Boston, Massachusetts, and Chicago, Illinois, to view a set of 10 advertisements selected as representative of all advertisements produced between 1997 and 2001 by tobacco control programs, tobacco companies, and pharmaceutical companies. Five different sets of advertisements were tested, totaling 50 advertisements in all. The outcome measures included comprehension (open-ended responses to a query about the main point of the advertisement) and appraisal (an index of the perceived effectiveness of items). A follow-up telephone call one week later was used to obtain the following additional outcome measures: recall (whether the advertisement was correctly described) and engagement (whether the youth reported having thought about and discussed the advertisement during the intervening week). Unlike immediate ratings of attributes of the ad, later ruminations about, or discussion of, an advertising message are evidence of further cognitive processing of the advertisement. The pharmaceutical industry advertisements were rated as the least engaging, and at follow-up, were the least likely of the three sponsors to generate ad-related thoughts or discussion. The use of the personal testimonial and visceral negative formats had the strongest and most consistent relationships with high appraisal, and at follow-up, with greater recall and ad-related additional thoughts and discussion. When format was controlled in multivariate analyses, the message had no consistent effect on outcome. Testimonial executions were used in advertisements addressing health effects, secondhand smoke, and industry activities, but not with the other themes. O v e r v i e w o f M e d i a I n t e r v e n t i o n s i n To b a c c o C o n t r o l Pechmann and colleagues102 reached a different conclusion. Their two-part study to categorize and rate different antismoking advertisements included almost 3,000 7th and 10th graders. Less than one-half of the youths (n = 1,129) grouped 194 antismoking advertisements into seven distinct message themes. The remainder (n = 1,667) were involved in a copy test of the advertisement types. The copy test used 8 randomly selected advertisements to represent each of the seven message themes-56 advertisements in total. They then were immediately asked about their feelings and thoughts in relation to the advertisements, attitudes toward smoking, and intention to smoke. On the basis of these findings, the investigators found antismoking advertisements that focus on negative social consequences of smoking more effective than those focusing on health effects. Advertisements focusing on young victims suffering from serious diseases caused by tobacco elicited disgust, enhanced anti-industry attitudes, and reduced intentions to smoke among all participating adolescents except those with conduct disorders. Studies Using Naturalistic Exposure Several other studies have examined the relative performance of different types of antitobacco advertising by using data from segments of the target audience of the various campaigns. The researchers associated confirmed recall of each campaign with antitobacco attitudes and openness to smoking. The Massachusetts Tobacco Control Program conducted a well-funded media campaign between 1993 and 2001.

It is not clear how successful the group has been in persuading individuals in the entertainment industry to reduce or eliminate smoking women's health june 2012 order 60 mg raloxifene. The aims of the project were to work with the entertainment industry to reduce the unintentional glamorization of smoking in film and television menopause vaginal discharge order discount raloxifene line, provide media education to the general community regarding pro-tobacco messages, and conduct research regarding the impact of the tobacco industry on the entertainment community and acts to reduce this impact. During the course of the project, a Blue Ribbon Advisory Committee regularly convened; the committee included Hollywood directors and producers. It is not clear that progress was made during the project in eliminating smoking from movies, and the project ceased in 2003 because of lack of funds. To this end, they have begun to collaborate with the movie industry with the aim of decreasing the prevalence of depictions of smoking in movies. The underlying concern raised by the attorneys general is the role movies play in smoking by youth. Role of Entertainment Media of discussions on the issue (see letters in appendix 10B). The initial dialogue resulted in a series of meetings among scientists, several attorneys general, and movie industry leaders. The Senate hearing is evidence of an expanding demonstration of substantial interest in major political institutions in the United States regarding tobacco use in movies and its potential impact on children. In addition to meeting with industry representatives, the attorneys general have addressed the tobacco industry with respect to movie brand appearances. This legal activity was a sign to tobacco companies that they are being monitored. It is also possible that, as a result, the motion picture industry will act upon requests by tobacco companies not to have their brands used in movies. The only exceptions should be when the presentation of tobacco clearly and unambiguously reflects the dangers and consequences of tobacco use or is necessary to represent smoking by a real historical figure. The producers should post a certificate in the credits at the end of the movie declaring that nobody on the production received anything of value (cash money, free cigarettes or other gifts, free publicity, interest-free loans, or anything else) from anyone in exchange for using or displaying tobacco or its use. There should be no tobacco brand identification and no presence of tobacco brand imagery (such as billboards) in the background of any movie scene. The aim of the Smoke Free Movies campaign is to create a groundswell of support for these policy aims within the public health community and, eventually, among public policymakers to bring pressure to bear on the industry. The Smoke Free Movies media campaign began by rolling out a Confrontational Approaches Smoke Free Movies and the Rate Smoking "R" Public Health Campaign Smoke Free Movies is a public health campaign started by Stanton A. Role of Entertainment Media controversial print advertising campaign in March 2001 that was aimed at members of the movie industry. The campaign was designed to raise awareness about the effect of smoking in movies on adolescent smoking; to place responsibility for change on studio executives, theater owners, and actors; and to suggest government oversight. These groups have developed awareness campaigns aimed at youth (in New York, Texas, and Vermont, among others), have engaged in a national letter-writing campaign to movie stars, and have encouraged other forms of activism, such as e-mail messages to movie executives. The most controversial policy aim of Smoke Free Movies is the R rating for smoking. From the original perspective of the movie industry, the movie rating system was designed for concerned parents and was not designed in relation to public health considerations. The movie industry deleted the most violent scenes from soon-to-be released films and increased restrictions on how R-rated movies are marketed. From a public health perspective, limiting the portrayal of tobacco in movies is important because of its link to adolescent smoking (see earlier discussion) and the severity of the health consequences of smoking compared with some other depictions of behavior. If adolescents successfully circumvent attempts by parents and theaters to restrict their exposure to these movies, their viewing rates would be expected to be similar to other rating categories. The R rating for the smoking campaign, in this case, would be futile and possibly even counterproductive. If view rates for R-rated movies are in fact lower among young adolescents, then the argument could be made that rating movies with smoking R could limit adolescent exposure despite making them "forbidden fruit. Because movies were randomly selected, each title appeared on an average of 470 surveys (standard deviation of seven). Therefore, it was possible to determine accurately the percentage of adolescents who had seen each title (termed reach in the marketing literature).

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